Azure VM Run Command operations executing a unique PowerShell script

id: 5239248b-abfb-4c6a-8177-b104ade5db56
name: Azure VM Run Command operations executing a unique PowerShell script
description: |
  'Identifies when Azure Run command is used to execute a PowerShell script on a VM that is unique.
  The uniqueness of the PowerShell script is determined by taking a combined hash of the cmdLets it imports and the file size of the PowerShell script. Alerts from this detection indicate a unique PowerShell was executed in your environment.'
severity: Medium
requiredDataConnectors:
  - connectorId: AzureActivity
    dataTypes:
      - AzureActivity
  - connectorId: MicrosoftThreatProtection
    dataTypes:
      - DeviceFileEvents
      - DeviceEvents
queryFrequency: 1d
queryPeriod: 1d
triggerOperator: gt
triggerThreshold: 0
tactics:
  - LateralMovement
  - Execution
relevantTechniques:
  - T1570
  - T1059.001
query: |
  let RunCommandData = materialize ( AzureActivity
  // Isolate run command actions
  | where OperationNameValue =~ "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/runCommand/action"
  // Confirm that the operation impacted a virtual machine
  | where Authorization has "virtualMachines"
  // Each runcommand operation consists of three events when successful, StartTimeed, Accepted (or Rejected), Successful (or Failed).
  | summarize StartTime=min(TimeGenerated), EndTime=max(TimeGenerated), max(CallerIpAddress), make_list(ActivityStatusValue) by CorrelationId, Authorization, Caller
  // Limit to Run Command executions that Succeeded
  | where list_ActivityStatusValue has_any ("Succeeded", "Success")
  // Extract data from the Authorization field, allowing us to later extract the Caller (UPN) and CallerIpAddress
  | extend Authorization_d = parse_json(Authorization)
  | extend Scope = Authorization_d.scope
  | extend Scope_s = split(Scope, "/")
  | extend Subscription = tostring(Scope_s[2])
  | extend VirtualMachineName = tostring(Scope_s[-1])
  | project StartTime, EndTime, Subscription, VirtualMachineName, CorrelationId, Caller, CallerIpAddress=max_CallerIpAddress, Scope
  | join kind=leftouter (
      DeviceFileEvents
      | where InitiatingProcessFileName == "RunCommandExtension.exe"
      | extend VirtualMachineName = tostring(split(DeviceName, ".")[0])
      | project VirtualMachineName, PowershellFileCreatedTimestamp=TimeGenerated, FileName, FileSize, InitiatingProcessAccountName, InitiatingProcessAccountDomain, InitiatingProcessFolderPath, InitiatingProcessId
  ) on VirtualMachineName
  // We need to filter by time sadly, this is the only way to link events
  | where PowershellFileCreatedTimestamp between (StartTime .. EndTime)
  | project StartTime, EndTime, PowershellFileCreatedTimestamp, VirtualMachineName, Caller, CallerIpAddress, FileName, FileSize, InitiatingProcessId, InitiatingProcessAccountDomain, InitiatingProcessFolderPath, Scope
  | join kind=inner(
      DeviceEvents
      | extend VirtualMachineName = tostring(split(DeviceName, ".")[0])
      | where InitiatingProcessCommandLine has "-File"
      // Extract the script name based on the structure used by the RunCommand extension
      | extend PowershellFileName = extract(@"\-File\s(script[0-9]{1,9}\.ps1)", 1, InitiatingProcessCommandLine)
      // Discard results that didn't successfully extract, these are not run command related
      | where isnotempty(PowershellFileName)
      | extend PSCommand = tostring(parse_json(AdditionalFields).Command)
      // The first execution of PowerShell will be the RunCommand script itself, we can discard this as it will break our hash later
      | where PSCommand != PowershellFileName 
      // Now we normalise the cmdlets, we're aiming to hash them to find scripts using rare combinations
      | extend PSCommand = toupper(PSCommand)
      | order by PSCommand asc
      | summarize PowershellExecStartTime=min(TimeGenerated), PowershellExecEnd=max(TimeGenerated), make_list(PSCommand) by PowershellFileName, InitiatingProcessCommandLine
  ) on $left.FileName == $right.PowershellFileName
  | project StartTime, EndTime, PowershellFileCreatedTimestamp, PowershellExecStartTime, PowershellExecEnd, PowershellFileName, PowershellScriptCommands=list_PSCommand, Caller, CallerIpAddress, InitiatingProcessCommandLine, PowershellFileSize=FileSize, VirtualMachineName, Scope
  | order by StartTime asc 
  // We generate the hash based on the cmdlets called and the size of the powershell script
  | extend TempFingerprintString = strcat(PowershellScriptCommands, PowershellFileSize)
  | extend ScriptFingerprintHash = hash_sha256(tostring(PowershellScriptCommands)));
  let totals = toscalar (RunCommandData
  | summarize count());
  let hashTotals = RunCommandData
  | summarize HashCount=count() by ScriptFingerprintHash;
  RunCommandData
  | join kind=leftouter (
  hashTotals
  ) on ScriptFingerprintHash
  // Calculate prevalence, while we don't need this, it may be useful for responders to know how rare this script is in relation to normal activity
  | extend Prevalence = toreal(HashCount) / toreal(totals) * 100
  // Where the hash was only ever seen once.
  | where HashCount == 1
  | extend timestamp = StartTime
  | extend CallerName = tostring(split(Caller, "@")[0]), CallerUPNSuffix = tostring(split(Caller, "@")[1])
  | project timestamp, StartTime, EndTime, PowershellFileName, VirtualMachineName, Caller, CallerName, CallerUPNSuffix, CallerIpAddress, PowershellScriptCommands, PowershellFileSize, ScriptFingerprintHash, Prevalence, Scope
entityMappings:
  - entityType: Account
    fieldMappings:
      - identifier: FullName
        columnName: Caller
      - identifier: Name
        columnName: CallerName
      - identifier: UPNSuffix
        columnName: CallerUPNSuffix
  - entityType: IP
    fieldMappings:
      - identifier: Address
        columnName: CallerIpAddress
  - entityType: Host
    fieldMappings:
      - identifier: HostName
        columnName: VirtualMachineName
      - identifier: AzureID
        columnName: Scope
version: 1.0.8
kind: Scheduled
metadata:
    source:
        kind: Community
    author:
        name: Microsoft Security Research
    support:
        tier: Community
    categories:
        domains: [ "Security - Others", "Identity" ]