File Download with Headless Browser

Status: test
Severity: high
Log source: product windows, category process_creation
Author: Sreeman, Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)
Source: github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma

Detects execution of chromium based browser in headless mode using the "dump-dom" command line to download files

MITRE ATT&CK coverage

Tactic	Techniques
Stealth	`T1564.003` Hide Artifacts: Hidden Window
Command & Control	`T1105` Ingress Tool Transfer

Event coverage

Provider	Event	Title
Sysmon	Event ID 1	Process creation
Security-Auditing	Event ID 4688	A new process has been created.

Rule body yaml

title: File Download with Headless Browser
id: 0e8cfe08-02c9-4815-a2f8-0d157b7ed33e
related:
    - id: ef9dcfed-690c-4c5d-a9d1-482cd422225c
      type: derived
status: test
description: Detects execution of chromium based browser in headless mode using the "dump-dom" command line to download files
references:
    - https://twitter.com/mrd0x/status/1478234484881436672?s=12
    - https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/23/e/managed-xdr-investigation-of-ducktail-in-trend-micro-vision-one.html
author: Sreeman, Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)
date: 2022-01-04
modified: 2025-10-07
tags:
    - attack.command-and-control
    - attack.stealth
    - attack.t1105
    - attack.t1564.003
logsource:
    category: process_creation
    product: windows
detection:
    selection:
        Image|endswith:
            - '\brave.exe'
            - '\chrome.exe'
            - '\msedge.exe'
            - '\opera.exe'
            - '\vivaldi.exe'
        CommandLine|contains|all:
            - '--headless'
            - 'dump-dom'
            - 'http'
    filter_optional_edge_1:
        Image|startswith:
            - 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\'
            - 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\EdgeCore\'
            - 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\EdgeWebView\'
            - 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Edge\Application\'
            - 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft\EdgeCore\'
            - 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft\EdgeWebView\'
            - 'C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge'
        Image|endswith:
            - '\msedge.exe'
            - '\msedgewebview2.exe'
            - '\MicrosoftEdge.exe'
        CommandLine|contains: '--headless --disable-gpu --disable-extensions --disable-plugins --mute-audio --no-first-run --incognito --aggressive-cache-discard --dump-dom'
    filter_optional_edge_2:
        Image|contains:
            - '\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\'
            - '\Windows\SystemApps\Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge'
        Image|endswith:
            - '\msedge.exe'
            - '\MicrosoftEdge.exe'
        CommandLine|contains: '--headless --disable-gpu --disable-extensions --disable-plugins --mute-audio --no-first-run --incognito --aggressive-cache-discard --dump-dom'
    condition: selection and not 1 of filter_optional_*
falsepositives:
    - Unknown
level: high
regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_browsers_chromium_headless_file_download/info.yml

Stages and Predicates

Stage 0: `condition`

selection and not 1 of filter_optional_*

Stage 1: `selection`

selection:
    Image|endswith:
        - '\brave.exe'
        - '\chrome.exe'
        - '\msedge.exe'
        - '\opera.exe'
        - '\vivaldi.exe'
    CommandLine|contains|all:
        - '--headless'
        - 'dump-dom'
        - 'http'

Stage 2: `not filter_optional_*`

filter_optional_edge_1:
    Image|startswith:
        - 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\'
        - 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\EdgeCore\'
        - 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\EdgeWebView\'
        - 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Edge\Application\'
        - 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft\EdgeCore\'
        - 'C:\Program Files\Microsoft\EdgeWebView\'
        - 'C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge'
    Image|endswith:
        - '\msedge.exe'
        - '\msedgewebview2.exe'
        - '\MicrosoftEdge.exe'
    CommandLine|contains: '--headless --disable-gpu --disable-extensions --disable-plugins --mute-audio --no-first-run --incognito --aggressive-cache-discard --dump-dom'
filter_optional_edge_2:
    Image|contains:
        - '\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\'
        - '\Windows\SystemApps\Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge'
    Image|endswith:
        - '\msedge.exe'
        - '\MicrosoftEdge.exe'
    CommandLine|contains: '--headless --disable-gpu --disable-extensions --disable-plugins --mute-audio --no-first-run --incognito --aggressive-cache-discard --dump-dom'

Exclusions

Top-level NOT(...) conjuncts: predicates this rule actively suppresses.

Field	Kind	Excluded values
`Image`	ends_with	`\MicrosoftEdge.exe`
`Image`	ends_with	`\msedge.exe`
`Image`	ends_with	`\msedgewebview2.exe`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\EdgeCore\`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\EdgeWebView\`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files\Microsoft\EdgeCore\`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files\Microsoft\EdgeWebView\`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Edge\Application\`
`Image`	starts_with	`C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge`
`CommandLine`	match	`--headless --disable-gpu --disable-extensions --disable-plugins --mute-audio --no-first-run --incognito --aggressive-cache-discard --dump-dom`
`Image`	ends_with	`\MicrosoftEdge.exe`
`Image`	ends_with	`\msedge.exe`
`Image`	match	`\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\`
`Image`	match	`\Windows\SystemApps\Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge`
`CommandLine`	match	`--headless --disable-gpu --disable-extensions --disable-plugins --mute-audio --no-first-run --incognito --aggressive-cache-discard --dump-dom`

Indicators

Each row is a field, operator, and value that the rule matches. The corpus column counts how many other rules in the catalog look for the same combination: high numbers point to widely-used, community-vetted indicators. Blank or 1 shows that the indicator is specific to this rule.

Field	Kind	Values
`CommandLine`	match	`--headless` corpus 8 (sigma 6, splunk 2) `dump-dom` `http` corpus 39 (sigma 34, elastic 2, chronicle 2, splunk 1)
`Image`	ends_with	`\brave.exe` corpus 11 (sigma 11) `\chrome.exe` corpus 13 (sigma 13) `\msedge.exe` corpus 14 (sigma 14) `\opera.exe` corpus 11 (sigma 11) `\vivaldi.exe` corpus 11 (sigma 11)

`j` / `k`	Scroll down / up
`d` / `u`	Half-page down / up
`gg` / `G`	Top / bottom
`h` / `l`	History back / forward
`f`	Follow link (`Shift` = new tab)
`/`	Focus search
`?`	Toggle this help
`↑` / `↓`	Navigate search results
`Enter`	Open highlighted result
`Esc`	Close results / dialog

`type:`	`events` / `rules` / `providers`
`vendor:`	`sigma` / `elastic` / `splunk` / `kusto` / `chronicle` (vendor name alone also works: `sigma:`, `kql:`, `secops:`…)
`tactic:`	TA-id, slug, or name: `credential_access`, `TA0006`
`technique:`	technique or sub-technique ID: `T1003`, `T1003.001` (alias `tech:`)
`severity:`	`critical` / `high` / `medium` / `low` / `informational` (alias `sev:`)
`risk_score`	Numeric comparison on the Elastic risk score (0 to 100): `risk_score>50`, `risk_score<=20`, `risk_score=99` (alias `risk`; Elastic rules only)
`stages:`	Rules with exactly N pipeline stages
`correlation:`	`single_event` / `sequence` / `alternatives` / `alternatives_cross_log` / `all_required` / `correlated`
`with:`	Co-occurrence event-id; stacks (`with:4624 with:4769`) to require all, while a comma list in one occurrence (`with:4624,4769`) is an either-or group. Implies multi-event
`like:`	Structural neighbors of a rule slug (equivalents + subsumption stricter / broader): `like:comsvcs_lsass_memory_dump-splunk-sysmon`
`groupby:`	Entity-grouping substring match against `group_by_keys`: `groupby:user`, `groupby:host`
`uses:`	Rules whose predicate tree touches the field (any kind, any value): `uses:CommandLine`
`excludes:`	Rules with top-level `not()` clauses on the field (FP whitelists): `excludes:ParentImage`
`field:` / `value:`	Predicate search; narrows rule cards to those with a matching leaf and drives the indicator tier. Unquoted = substring, wildcards allowed (`value:mimikatz`)
`indicator:`	Shorthand for `field:F value:V`: `indicator:Image=*\powershell.exe`
`kind:`	Filter by predicate kind. Narrows rule cards to those carrying a matching predicate leaf (`vendor:elastic kind:cidr_match`) and drives the indicator tier: `contains` / `starts_with` / `ends_with` / `regex` / `cidr` / `eq` / `in` … (operator aliases `op:`/`match:`)
`has:` / `no:`	`sample`, `field`, `notes`, `refs`, `trace`, `thirdparty`, `rule`, `pattern`, `timewindow`, `threshold`, `newterms`, `sigma`/`elastic`/`splunk`/`kusto`/`chronicle`
`-op:val`	Exclude matches; works on most operators but not `type:`/`like:`/`has:`/`no:` (use `no:<flag>` to exclude a rule flag): `tactic:execution -vendor:splunk`. Standalone `-kind:`/`-field:`/`-value:` drop every rule carrying a matching predicate leaf (`type:rules -kind:is_null`)
`field:"…"` / `value:"…"`	Quoted value = anchored exact match (also allows spaces): `value:"net user"`
`a,b`	Comma = OR inside one operator (`vendor:sigma,elastic`, `severity:high,critical`); repeating a facet merges the same way. `field:`/`value:` never split (literal commas)
`vendors:` / `stage:`	Singular and plural spellings fold to the canonical operator and value: `tactics:` = `tactic:`, `type:event` = `type:events`, `correlation:sequences` = `correlation:sequence`, `has:thresholds` = `has:threshold`
`"quoted phrase"`	Exact-match a multi-word phrase (free text)

File Download with Headless Browser

MITRE ATT&CK coverage

Event coverage

Rule body yaml

Stages and Predicates

Stage 0: `condition`

Stage 1: `selection`

Stage 2: `not filter_optional_*`

Exclusions

Indicators

Keyboard shortcuts

Search operators

File Download with Headless Browser

MITRE ATT&CK coverage

Event coverage

Rule body yaml

Stages and Predicates

Stage 0: condition

Stage 1: selection

Stage 2: not filter_optional_*

Exclusions

Indicators

Stage 0: `condition`

Stage 1: `selection`

Stage 2: `not filter_optional_*`